Preparation course for the toefl

[ELMOSTSHAR]

الروابط CONNECTORS
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PARALLEL STRUCTURE

A conjuction may used to connect words or phrases with the same grammatical function . the words before and after the connectors must have the same grammatical form


(and, but , or , nor)
---------------
No only…….. but also……

________ as well as______

Both………… and……….

THESE EXPRESSIONS ALL MEAN IN ADDITION TO

MARRY IS BEAUTIFUL AS WELL AS INTELLIGENT

مارى جميلة بالاضافة انها ذكية
وقد سبق شرحهم بالتفصيل فى درس PARALLEL STRUCTURE

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CONDITION CONNECTORS
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الروابط الشرطية
DESPITE , IN SPITE OF

تعنى بالرغم من

هذى الروابط لها نفس المعنى ونفس التكوين البنائى وممكن ان ياتوا فى اول الجملة او منتصفها

DESPITE OR INSPITE OF) + NOUN PHRASS)

We arrived on time desite the delay

In spite of the delay , we arrived on time

بالرغم مِنْ التأخيرِ، وَصلنَا في الوقت المناسب

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ALTHOUGH , EVEN THOUGH , THOUGH))


These conjuctions have the same meaning as *despite_ inspite * but the grammatical structure is different
هذة الروابط لها نفس معنى *despite_ inspite * ولكن تختلف فى تركيب القاعدة

(ALTHOUGH , EVEN THOUGH , THOUGH)+ SUBJECT+ VERB + COMPLEMENT

EX

EVEN THOUGH SHE HAD A BAD COLD , SHE WENT TO CLASS.

بالرغم من لديها برد سىء ذهبت للفصل

SHE ANSWERED THE TEST , THOUGH SHE HADN`T STUDIED LAST NIGHT

اجابت الامتحان مع انها لم تذاكر ليلة امس

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PURPOSE CONNECTORS

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(SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT)_______ RESULT CLAUSE

SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT) HAS THE SAME MEANING AND THEY ARE BOTH FOLLOWED BY THE SAME GRAMMATICAL STRUCTURE;

SO THAT/ IN ORDER THAT + SUBJECT + VERB

EX

He is saving his money so that he can go on vacation


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CAUSE CONNECTORS
__________________
الروابط السببية
(BECAUSE , BECAUSE OF , DUE TO )

THESE CONNECTORES SHOW CAUSE

BECAUSE _________ SUBJECT + VERB

EX

Because the weather was bad , the fights were cancelled



BECAUSE OF_____ NOUN / NOUN PHRASE

BECAUSE OF ISN`T FOLLOWED BY AVERB BUT IS FOLLOWED BY ANOUN OR NOUN PHRASE

EX

BECAUSE OF BAD WEATHER , THE FIGHTS WERE CANCELLED

_______________________

(DUE TO )

(DUE TO ) is followed by the same grammatical form as BECAUSE OF

EX

the fights were cancelled , due to the the bad weather

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[ELMOSTSHAR]

the differance between *morover_furtheremore_in addition*&*in addittion to_ besides*

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*moreover_furtheremore_in addition

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moreover_furtheremore_in addition mean also . they are transition

ex


the city provides many cultural opportunities . It has an excellent art museum * moreover/furthermore/in addition*

it has afine symphony orchestra

تتيح المدينة العديد من الفرص الثقافية .تحتوى على متحف ممتاز وايضا تحتوى على فرقة عزف موسيقية

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in addittion to_ besides*

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in addittion to_ besides* are used as a prepositions . they are followed by an object *museum* , not a clause

EX

the city provides many cultural opportunities . *in addition to/b besides* an excellent art museum , it has a fine symphony orchestra

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BESIDES_______ means in addition to

BESIDE_______ means next to

[ELMOSTSHAR]

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
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حالات if الشرطية

Ther are 3 types of conditional sentences that appear in the toefl

a-FUTURE POSSIBLE
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this condition refers to something that will take place in the future as a result of some action in the present
تشير هذة الحالة الى حدوث شىء فى المستقبل كانتيجة لحدث فى الحاضر

the verb in the
dependent clause is in the present tense and the verb in the main clause is in the future
يكون الفعل فى الجزء التابع من الجملة فى المضارع ويكون فى الجزء او الفقرة الاساسية فى المستقبل

{if +*present tense*|+ FUTURE }
EX

IF I STUDY HARD , I `LL GET A GOOD SCORE

The words "when" , "as soon as" , "before" , or "unlees" may be used instead of "if"



b- PRESENT UNREAL
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This condition describes a situation which does not exist or is unreal , the past tense is used in the dependent clause and "would" , "should" , or "could" is used in the main clause

{if + *past tense* , would ……}

EX

If I studied hard , I would get a good score



C- PAST UNREAL
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This condition an unreal situation in the past . The past perfect tense is used in the dependent clause and "could have " , "would have" , or "should have"is used in the main clause

{if = *past perfect* , would have …………}

EX

IF I HAD STUDIED HARDER , I WOULD HAVE GOTTEN A GOOD SCORE


#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#@#

OMITTING IF
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حذف IF


With were , had {past perfect} and should , sometimes IF is omitted and the subject and the verb are inverted

تحذف IF احيانا مع were , had {past perfect} and should حينئذ يتبدل مكان الفعل والفاعل مع بعضهم البعض

WERE
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EX

WERE I YOU , I WOULD`NT DO THAT

were i you = if i were you-

------#@#@#@#@#@--------

HAD
*********
EX

HAD I KNOWN , I WOULD HAVE TOLD YOU

had i known = if i had known

-----##@#@#@#--------

SHOULD
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EX

SHOULD ANYONE CALL , PLEASE TAKE A MESSAGE

should anyone call = if anyone should call

[ELMOSTSHAR]

أرجو من الله ان تعم الفائدة

كما أرجو ان تدعو لصاحب الموضوع الاصلى

والذي كتب موضوعه مزيلاً بالعبارة الآتية

اتمنى ان اكون قدمت مايفيد

ملحوظة هذا كلة من مجهودى الشخصى ومسموح نقلة للمنتديات الاخرى ولا يشترط ذكر اسمى

بارك الله فيكم سائلين المولى ان يعلمنا ما ينفعنا وينفعنا ما علمنا
دمتم في امان الله
والسلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته